Inflammation, calcium overload, cell energy disturbance, and excessive cell apoptosis are closely related, and the main pathological changes are tubular epithelial necrosis and microvascular endothelial cell injury
SLC22A12 gene encoding for the urate transporter hURAT1 defects leads to primary renal hypouricemia characterized by increased UA excretion from a reduced reabsorption ( SLC2A9 gene, encoding the urate transporter GLUT9, are closely related to human cognition and neurodegenerative diseases ( Urate Transporters and Genetics of Urate Transporter Pathologies A series of urate transporters including SLC and ABC transporters as well as several multispecific drug transporters (e.g., OAT1, OAT2, and ABCG2) maintain UA homeostasis (Figure 2) (Table 1)
more than 75 g ( Reference Hodgman and Garrard 17 ) , the hepatic GSH pool is strongly depleted and NAPQI forms APAPprotein adducts causing important mitochondrial damage leading to cell death ( Reference Jaeschke, McGill and Ramachandran 96 )
[DOI] [PMC free article] [PubMed] [Google Scholar] 81.Gojkovic S., Krezic I., Vranes H., Zizek H., Drmic D., Batelja Vuletic L., Milavic M., Sikiric S., Stilinovic I., Simeon P., et al
