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Despite their clinical heterogeneity, these disorders share convergent pathological drivers, including oxidative stress, chronic inflammation, hormonal dysregulation, metabolic dysfunction, aberrant extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, and impaired apoptosis ( Luteolin, a naturally occurring flavone found in various herbs, vegetables, and botanical preparations, has emerged as a promising candidate for integrated therapeutic modulation (Zhu et al., 2024)