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However, none have been approved as a tool for quitting nicotine

Other evidence of the possible irritant and inflammatory effect on cells comes from an in vitro study in which the exposure of tracheobronchial cells to electronic cigarette nicotine-free vapours was related to a concomitant increase in interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 cytokine production with a dose-dependent response and direct evidence of endothelial dysfunction.84 The association with inflammation and endothelial dysfunction is most likely mediated via nitric oxide pathways

President and Fellows of Harvard College: 5976

Over time, this can lead to a dependency on nicotine to cope with everyday challenges, further entrenching the addiction