At the molecular level, 5-amino-1MQ functions as a competitive inhibitor of NNMT, demonstrating remarkable potency with an IC of 1.2 0.1 M under standard assay conditions (50 M SAM, 100 M nicotinic acid). This represents a dramatic 10-fold improvement over the parent compound 1-methylquinolinium, achieved through strategic amino group substitution that enhances binding affinity to the NNMT active site. The compound's mechanism centers on preventing the methylation of nicotinamide to 1-methylnicotinamide (1-MNA), thereby preserving nicotinamide for recycling back to NAD+ through the salvage pathway. This intervention effectively blocks what researchers have termed the "NNMT metabolic drain" a process that simultaneously depletes NAD+ precursors and consumes cellular methylation capacity
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Obese mice and rats treated with AOD9604 showed significant decreases in adipose tissue depot weights, reductions in adipocyte size observed histologically, and improvements in body composition measured by DEXA scanning or MRI
However, unlike pro-fibrotic agents, GHK-Cu also upregulates the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors (TIMPs), facilitating the breakdown of scarred or disorganized collagen
