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After a head injury, the brain produces a surge of free radicals and inflammatory molecules that can prolong symptoms

The modulation of these neurotransmitters by caffeine and paraxanthine may contribute to the observed cognitive improvements

Cell culture and characterization The human BBB co-culture model based on stem cell-derived endothelial cells (hEC) and brain pericytes (PC) were established and characterized by the group of Ceccelli et al

Although direct experiments specifically exposing human granulosa/cumulus cells to NET preparations remain limited, convergent evidence supports a mechanistic chain in which NET-derived proteases and ROS can (a) impair mitochondrial respiration and membrane potential