Yttrium oxide nanoparticles (Y2O3-NPs) selectively induce cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-231 cells by generating oxidative stress, elevating ROS levels, causing DNA damage, and triggering apoptosis and ferroptosis through upregulation of CASP3, CASP8, and HO-1, and downregulation of BCL2 (Emad et al., 2023)
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The levels of antioxidant indicators, including superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione reductase, and nitric oxide, as well as peroxidation indicators such as myeloperoxidase and malondialdehyde, were measured using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
For each flash intensity, 5 readings were taken and averaged