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Research suggests that its activity may be linked to VEGF and TGF- signaling, fibroblast activation, and endothelial function

Older adults are more likely to have a vitamin B12 deficiency because they're prone to not having enough hydrochloric acid in their stomachs

Because the nutrients bypass digestion, your body can absorb and use them more efficiently than oral supplements

Special Considerations for Off-Label Use Those seeking B12 for off-label purposes should be particularly cautious: Unknown B12 status could mask severe deficiency Underlying medical conditions might increase risk Interaction with other supplements or medications False sense of security leading to delayed medical care Risk of hiding serious underlying conditions The Critical Importance of Pre-Treatment Testing Given these potential complications, comprehensive blood testing before B12 replacement therapy is essential, regardless of intended use