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Recent in vitro and animal studies have indicated an association between elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels and the formation of reactive oxygen species, especially the superoxide anion (O 2 ) and H 2 O 2 ( Reference Huang, Hsu and Lin 8 Reference Weiss 10 ) , by the auto-oxidation of Hcy and/or cysteine ( Reference Hogg 11 )

Factors such as the form of B12 used, additional ingredients, and manufacturing standards should be considered

Individuals with high oxidative stress from chronic alcohol consumption, smoking, or environmental toxin exposure, all of which deplete hepatic glutathione stores

In general, females have a higher percentage of their body mass as fat, and a lower percentage as water compared to males (Figure 1.9)