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The use of smoke-free nicotine products almost certainly has less effect than smoking on pregnancy outcomes (most of which are negative, but there are some positive effects), but any use of nicotine is probably worse for the fetus than none
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For smokers, the smoking pictures induced more inner automic cravings of participants than control pictures ( Finally, when analyzing the concept of craving, we should consider the entire process, that is, craving includes two stagesapproach and avoidanceand the contradictions that exist between the approach and avoidance ( This study has two limitations: first, we did not control the relationship between the last smoking time and rating time, although some studies have claimed that the last cigarette is not significantly related to craving ( Publisher's Note All claims expressed in this article are solely those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of their affiliated organizations, or those of the publisher, the editors and the reviewers
Pregnant women and individuals with polyaddictions were not included
