Exclusion criteria included current use of cigarette cessation products, -blockers, antidepressant, anxiolytic or other psychotropic medications, pregnancy, and meeting diagnostic criteria for current (untreated) psychological disorders (see Supplementary Methods for additional details)
While these regulations are welcomed first steps in controlling tobacco consumption, it is important to recognize that their effectiveness is blunted, in the Ethiopian context, due to rural-urban differences in smoking practices, the existence of the unregulated/illicit tobacco economy and the income related market segmentation [8]
Some of these complications are preventable, or the risk can be minimised, if patients are effectively supported to quit smoking prior to surgery
Gross capital expenditure in 2026 of approximately 750 million