non-smokers (PBegg test = 0.221, PEgger test = 0.173) and the comparison of the high-quality group (PBegg test = 0.296, PEgger test = 0.138)
Most of the current studies on the association between smoking and hyperuricemia are cross-sectional studies, and the results are not yet consistent
Across the included studies, a range of covariates were considered, including age, gender, ethnicity, education, self-efficacy, peer support, alcohol and tobacco use, nicotine dependence, NRT dosage, depression, BMI, and physiological measures such as blood pressure and cholesterol
Many patients in states like Assam, Kerala, and Karnataka (including cities like Hubli) suffer from this disease due to long-term exposure to these harmful substances