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For the thickness of the retinal tissue, internal plexiform layer, and internal nuclear layer, the measurements (ISSA program (VAMSTEC, Zagreb, Croatia) from the area of maximal tissue damage detected using semi-serial sections, five high-power fields were randomly selected for analysis, were made with an ocular micrometer at 20 magnification within 0.5 mm from the optic disc
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Mitochondrial function was severely compromised on multiple levels, including abnormalities in mitochondrial biogenesis (PGC1), nutrient sensors regulating fatty-acid entry into mitochondria (pAMPK/AMPK, SirT3, CPT1b), mitochondrial -oxidation of fatty-acids (HADHA, PPAR), electron transport chain complexes (I, II, III, V), ATP synthesis (ATP5A), and mitophagy (PINK1)